The Cosmological Constant Constrained with Union2.1 Supernovae Type Ia Data. Derivation and evaluation of several FRW and Carmeli models presenting underwhelming support for the standard model

摘要

We derive several, detailed relationships in terms of the Friedmann,Robertson, Walker (FRW) generalization which describe the Universe during boththe radiation and matter dominated epochs. We explicitly provide for theinfluence of radiation, rather than burying this term within the matter term.Several models allow the cosmological constant (CC) to vary with universeexpansion in differing manners. We evaluate these and other popular modelsincluding the $\Lambda$CDM({standard model}), quintessence as presented byVishwakarma, Equation of State (EoS) and the Carmeli model with data from the580 Union2.1 supernovae type Ia collection, using several minimization routinesand find models built about the CC, the $\Lambda$CDM models, fare no betterthan those without.